Iván vzpomenul na Sáru, i na její mladší i krásnější sestru Hadassu. I u ní se však už začaly projevovat rysy všech žen jejich rodu, které muže vedou k tomu, aby jim vždy pomalu zvedali sukně, už jenom proto, aby se sami přesvědčili, že přes všechno peskování jsou ženy stvořeními, zcela odlišnými od mužů.....Upřimně řečeno, Iván ještě nerozchodil Jákovovu návštěvu..."jsou snad takoví všichni konvertité?", ptal se sám sebe. Přilnou, aby odpadli...Iván vypouštěl obláčky dýmu (kouříval Javaanse Jongen promíchaný s tím nejsprostším-ale doutníkovým- řezem Bacco1), a občas se napil ledového džúsu ( borůvkového). Lidem na obci v East Side on sám říkal Vikingové, ale ne před Sárou, nebo tchánem. Událo se to jednoduše: Iván měl podstoupit banální vyšetření v nemocnici Mt.Sinai, ale byl svědkem nehody i potřeby rychlé transfúze. Iván nabídl svou krev, a když odběr skončil, nenapadlo jej nic jiného, než říci si o genetické vyšetření. Když o týden později přišel ke svému lékaři, dr. Rubinstein, vždy korektní a střízlivý, se lehce taktilně dotkl jeho ramene, podíval se mu laskavě do očí a řekl: šalom, příteli. Dobrá zpráva. Jste zdráv jako řípa a máte haploskupinu J2 a i vaše mitochondriální DNA (markery) vykazují, že jste byl pěkných pár generací v poušti, a vaši balkánští předci také pár století přebývali ve stanech, s turbany pěkně veselých barev, jak by řekl náš vrstevník Coen, který s vámi chce ostatně hovořit. Ale, vždycky jsem byl "und Sie doch bleiben, unser geliebter Iván, für uns in Schweiz nur ein gemischter Mischling", jak říkával i můj učitel, podivoval se Iván. "No, to si příteli přeberte sám" dodal Noel. Jistě víte, jaké pokroky teď dělá izraelská genetická epidemiologie, bez níž by návrat Falašů, jakkoli se tváří "politicky", vůbec nebyl možný...Doma Iván otevřel wikipedii, v jejíž anglické verzi nalezl toto:
Genetic studies on Jews:
Y-chromosomal Aaron,
Genealogical DNA test, and
MatrilinealityGenetic studies indicate various lineages found in modern Jewish populations; however, most of these populations share a lineage in common, traceable to an ancient population that underwent geographic branching and subsequent independent
evolutions.
[42] While
DNA tests have demonstrated inter-marriage in all of the various
Jewish ethnic divisions over the last 3,000 years, it was substantially less than in other populations.
[43]...DNA analysis further determined that modern Jews of the priesthood tribe—"
Kohanim"—share an ancestor dating back about 3,000 years.
[44] This result is consistent for all Jewish populations around the world.
[44] The researchers estimated that the
most recent common ancestor of modern Kohanim lived between 1000 BCE (roughly the time of
the Biblical Exodus) and 586 BCE, when the
Babylonians destroyed the
First Temple.
[45] They found similar results analyzing DNA from Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews.
[45] The scientists estimated the date of the original priest based on genetic mutations, which indicated that the priest lived roughly 106 generations ago, between 2,650 and 3,180 years ago depending whether one counts a generation as 25 or 30 years.
[45] These Jews belong to the haplotypes J1e and J2a. However, more recent research has shown that many ethnic groups in the Middle East and Mediterranean area also share this genetic profile.
[46][42][47][48] A 2009 study was able to genetically identify individuals with full or partial
Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.
[49] Male lineages: Y chromosomal DNAA study published by the
National Academy of Sciences found that "the
paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population", and suggested that "most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighboring non-Jewish communities during and after the Diaspora".
[42] Researchers expressed surprise at the remarkable genetic uniformity they found among modern Jews, no matter where the
diaspora has become dispersed around the world.
[42]Other
Y-chromosome findings show that the world's Jewish communities are closely related to
Kurds,
Syrians and
Palestinians.
[44][50] Skorecki and colleague wrote that "the extremely close affinity of Jewish and non-Jewish Middle Eastern populations observed ... supports the hypothesis of a common Middle Eastern origin".
[44] According to another study of the same year, more than 70% of Jewish men and half of the Arab men (inhabitants of Israel and the territories only) whose DNA was studied inherited their Y-chromosomes from the same paternal ancestors who lived in the region within the last few thousand years....
[51]A study of
haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer
et al.[42] found that the
Y chromosome of some Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male
genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." However, when all haplotypes were included in the analysis, m (the admixture percentage) increased to 23% ± 7%. In addition, of the Jewish populations in this cluster, the Ashkenazim were closest to South European populations, specifically the Greeks.
[42]In Jewish populations, Haplogroup
J1 (defined by the 267 marker) constitutes 30% of the Yemenite Jews
[52] 20.0% of the Ashkenazim results and 12% of the Sephardic results.
[52][53][54][55] [64]Haplogroup
J2 which is found in the Sephardic Jews (29%)
[66] and Ashkenazi Jews (23%),
[66] or 19%.
[67] is found mainly in the
Fertile Crescent, the
Caucasus,
[68] Anatolia, the
Balkans,
Italy, the
Mediterranean littoral, the
Iranian plateau,
Central Asia, and
South Asia.
[66] Female lineages: Mitochondrial DNABefore 2006, geneticists largely attributed the genesis of most of the
world's Jewish populations to founding acts by males who migrated from the Middle East and "by the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism", though no genetic relation was found between Jewish and non Jewish female lineages. However, more recent findings of studies of maternally inherited
mitochondrial DNA, at least in Ashkenazi Jews, has led to a review of this
archetype.
[77] In addition, Behar (2006) suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from about 150 women, most of those were probably of Middle Eastern origin.
[78] Approximately 32% of people with
Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry belong to the mtDNA haplogroup K. This high percentage points to a genetic bottleneck occurring some 100 generations ago.
[79]Research in 2008 found significant founder effects in many non-Asheknazi Jewish populations.....
[80] Among
Yemenites, the average stands at 35% lineages within the past 3,000 years.
[81] Genome-wide association and linkage studiesIn
genetic epidemiology, a
genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS) is an examination of all or most of the genes (the genome) of different individuals of a particular species to see how much the genes vary from individual to individual. These techniques were originally designed for epidemiological uses, to identify genetic associations with observable traits.
[82]A 2006 study by Seldin,
et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure amongst the Ashkenazi. The results showed "a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the 'northern' population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the 'southern' group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the "southern" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were "consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups".
[83]A 2007 study by Bauchet,
et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews were most closely clustered with Arabic North African populations when compared to Global population, and in the European structure analysis, they share similarities only with Greeks and Southern Italians, reflecting their east Mediterranean origins.
[84][85]A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer
et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry.", as both groups - the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their non Jewish fellow countrymen.
[86] Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. Using their DNA analysis, the authors traced the ancestors of all Jews to Persia and Babylon, areas that now form part of Iran and Iraq.
[87] The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins
[88][89]A 2010 study by Bray
et al, using
SNP microarray techniques and
linkage analysis, estimated that 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome is specifically traceable to Europe, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome". ...as interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". In their press release, Bray stated: "We were surprised to find evidence that Ashkenazi Jews have higher
heterozygosity than Europeans, contradicting the widely-held presumption that they have been a largely isolated group". "Thus, the AJ population shows evidence of past founding events; however, admixture and selection have also strongly influenced its current genetic makeup." The authors note that their results will require further investigation.
[90][91] 
